Back>Cotton
Cotton is a major crop of Pakistan after wheat and it occupies the largest area in Pakistan compared to other crops. Cotton crop earns the country largest export revenues and in addition to the lint, the seed of cotton for oil and meal accounts for 80 percent of the national production of oilseed.
Thrips tabaci
تھرپس
COTTON
Thrips are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents. Many thrips species are pests of commercially important crops. A few species serve as vectors for over 20 viruses that cause plant diseases.
Thrips tabaci
تھرپس
COTTON
ETL: 8-10 per Leaf
Thrips tabaci
تھرپس
COTTON
Nymphs and adults lacerate the tissue and suck the sap from the upper and lower surfaces of leaves. They inject saliva and suck the lysed contents of the plant cells resulting in silvery or brown necrotic spots.
Amrasca biguttula biguttula
چست تیلہ
COTTON
Among the sucking insect pests, jassid is the major threat for cotton growing areas of the world including Pakistan. Adult and nymph, both suck the cell sap from the plants twigs and leaves, which directly affect the photosynthetic mechanism of plants and resulting the reduction of the boll formation.
Amrasca biguttula biguttula
چست تیلہ
COTTON
ETL: 1 per Leaf
Amrasca biguttula biguttula
چست تیلہ
COTTON
Both nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and introduce salivary toxins that impair photosynthesis in proportion to the amount of feeding. 1st and 2nd instar nymphs feed near bases of the leaf veins, later instar get distributed all over the leaves but feed chiefly on the under surface of leaves.
Bemisia tabaci
سفید مکھی
COTTON
Whitefly is a serious pest of cotton that lowers yield by feeding on the underside of the leaf and spreading diseases like Cotton Leaf Curl Virus. Whiteflies feed on the sap of the leaves and release a fluid on to the leaves on which a black fungus grows. This affects photosynthesis, the food making process of the plant, and so lowers the strength of the plant.
Bemisia tabaci
سفید مکھی
COTTON
ETL: 5 per Leaf
Bemisia tabaci
سفید مکھی
COTTON
Whitefly cause damage to cotton plants in two ways, firstly by sucking the sap and secondly by excreting honey dew on which sooty mould grows. Damage from direct feeding reduces the photosynthesis activities of the plant and hence the yield. Indirect damage results from lint contamination with honey dew and associated fungi and through transmission of leaf curl virus disease. Late season severity affects seed development and lint quality.
.jpg)
Tetranychus urticae
جوئیں
COTTON
Mite live in a wide range of habitats, including brackish water, fresh water, hot springs, soil, plants, and (as parasites) animals, including humans. Plant-feeding mites cause damage by feeding on leaf tissues or by transmitting viral diseases. Scientists estimate that at least 45,000, and possibly as many as 48,200, different species of mites have been described.
Tetranychus urticae
جوئیں
COTTON
ETL: 10-15 per Leaf
Tetranychus urticae
جوئیں
COTTON
Mites with its plant parts penetrate plant cells, preferably on underside of leaves and ingest their contents. Each minute 1-2 dozen cells can be destroyed this way. The 1st visible symptoms are small whitish speckles, mainly around the midrib and larger veins. When these spots merge, the empty cells give areas of the leaf a whitish or silvery-transparent appearance. If infestation is severe, then leaf may turn yellow, wilt and finally be shed; sometimes complete defoliation occurs. The loss of photosynthetically active surface together with reduced transpiration leads to reduced yield, and the plant may be stunted or in severe cases killed.
.jpg)
Phenacoccus solenopsis
ملی بگ
COTTON
The cotton mealybug is a sucking pest of cotton and sucks the cell sap from the leaves, fruit and twigs. Serious attacks result in delayed growth and late opening of bolls which severely affects yield. It feeds on soft tissues and injects saliva, which causes curling of the leaves.
Phenacoccus solenopsis
ملی بگ
COTTON
ETL: On Appearance
Phenacoccus solenopsis
ملی بگ
COTTON
They suck a large amount of sap from leaves and stems with the help of piercing/sucking mouth parts depriving plants of essential nutrients. Infestation cause withering and yellowing of leaves, retarded growth, hinderance in photosynthesis, late opening of bolls and may even lead to defoliation and death of plants.
.jpg)
Dysdercus cingulatus
ریڈ کاٹن بگ
COTTON
It is an occasional pest of cotton crop, the adults and older nymphs feeding on the emerging bolls and the cotton seeds as they mature, transmitting cotton-staining fungi as they do so.
Dysdercus cingulatus
ریڈ کاٹن بگ
COTTON
ETL: 15 (adult or nymph or collectively) per plant
Dysdercus cingulatus
ریڈ کاٹن بگ
COTTON
Adults and nymphs suck the sap from leaves, green bolls and seeds of partially opened bolls. Vitality of the plant is lowered, in general. Affected bolls open badly with their lint stained with the excreta or body juices. Quality of lint is affected and the attacked seed become unfit for either sowing or oil extraction. Boll rot is caused by secondary infection due to bacteria wherein rotting of the entire contents of the boll occur following the initial discoloration of the lint to yellow or brown.
.jpg)
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
ڈسکی کاٹن بگ
COTTON
The dusky cotton bug used to be a minor pest of cotton but its importance has grown in the last few years, as populations are becoming larger. A number of generations throughout the year have been observed. Dusky cotton bugs also live on other plants, such as okra.
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
ڈسکی کاٹن بگ
COTTON
ETL: 15 (adult or nymph or collectively) per plant.
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
ڈسکی کاٹن بگ
COTTON
It causes multiple injuries that includes reduction in oil content of seed, seed weight and subsequently reduction in cotton yield. Dusky cotton bugs are crushed during ginning process that stain valuable cotton lint and stained lint fetch low price in the market.
.jpg)
Helicoverpa armigera
امریکن سنڈی
COTTON
The american bollworm, is a moth, the larvae of which feed on a wide range of plants, including many important cultivated crops. It is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species.
.jpg)
Helicoverpa armigera
امریکن سنڈی
COTTON
ETL: 5 (5 Brown Eggs or 3 Small Larvae or collectively 5) per 25 Plants
Helicoverpa armigera
امریکن سنڈی
COTTON
The larvae feed on the leaves initially and then bore on to the square/bolls and seeds with their head thrust into the boll, leaving the rest of the body outside. Larvae show preference for feeding on squares and flowers when present, however, feed on young bolls also. A single larva can damage 30-40 fruiting forms during its developmental period. These larvae spread boll rot microbes, and the damaged bolls rot resulting in yield loss.
.jpg)
Earias vitella / E. insulana
چتکبری سنڈی
COTTON
Cotton spotted bollworm, is a serious pest of Agricultural Crops. The larvae feed on okra, cotton and hibiscus, but have also been recorded on rice, sugarcane and corn. Initially, larvae tunnel into the buds of their host plant. Later, the larvae feed on the bolls, which become brown and fall off. Secondary invasion by fungi and bacteria sometimes occurs.
Odontotermes spp
دیمک
COTTON
ETL: 3 Larvae per 25 Plants
Odontotermes spp
دیمک
COTTON
Larvae attack growing shoots leading to drooping and withering of the top shoot. In later stages buds, flowers and bolls are also damaged. Flower buds open up prematurely causing “flared squares”. In damaged bolls pulp is eaten up and lint is stained.
.jpg)
Pectinophora gossypiella
گلابی سنڈی
COTTON
The pink bollworm is native to Asia, but has become an invasive species in most of the world's cotton-growing regions. The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is one of the most destructive pests of cotton. It is now distributed worldwide. It bores into cotton bolls, devouring blossoms and seeds. The pinkish-coloured larva generally pupates in a cocoon inside a boll or seed.
Pectinophora gossypiella
گلابی سنڈی
COTTON
ETL: 5 Larvae per 100 Bolls
Pectinophora gossypiella
گلابی سنڈی
COTTON
Larva when attacks the buds of less than 10 days old, shedding of bud occurs and larva dies. But with older bud, larva can complete development. There can be cent percent pink bollworm infestation on bolls but there needs not be any shedding. Larva in flower bud spins webbing that prevents proper flower opening leading to “rosetted-bloom”. Ten to twenty days old bolls are attacked from under bracteoles. Larvae feed on the developing seeds. While on younger bolls, entire content may be destroyed, in older bolls development could be completed on three to four seeds. Several larvae can infest a single boll also.
.jpg)
Spodoptera litura / S. exigua
لشکری سنڈی
COTTON
Armyworm is an important insect pest of cotton. It causes heavy damage to cotton and lowers production. The adult is a dark brown moth with white lines on its wings. However, it is the worm-like young (larvae) that cause the damage. The larvae feed mainly on leaves, but flowers and bolls may also be damaged occasionally
Spodoptera litura / S. exigua
لشکری سنڈی
COTTON
ETL: On Appearance
Spodoptera litura / S. exigua
لشکری سنڈی
COTTON
Early in stars are found in the lower-to-mid levels of the plant canopy, where they feed on foliage. Larvae in the first few instars “skeletonize” leaves near the egg mass from which they eclosed. Early in the cotton-growing season, later instars have the potential to destroy terminals on cotton seedlings. Older instars are usually present within the lower regions of the plant canopy, feeding on fruiting structures. Older larvae typically injure bracts, large squares, and young bolls in a manner similar to the bollworm. Heavy infestations have the potential to injure all fruiting forms. Larger larvae feed internally in fruiting structures making successful chemical control more difficult.
Odontotermes spp
دیمک
COTTON
Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonizing most landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest known lifespan of any insect, with some queens reportedly living up to 30 to 50 years. Termites are known as "silent destroyers" because of their ability to chew through wood, flooring and even wallpaper undetected.
Odontotermes spp
دیمک
COTTON
ETL: On Appearance
Odontotermes spp
دیمک
COTTON
Make mines below soil plant parts and roots cause death of the plant
